Neem (Azadirachta indica) is well-known for its rich variety of active constituents, many of which are responsible for its medicinal properties. The key active constituents of neem include:
Azadirachtin: The most studied component, azadirachtin, is a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid. It has significant insecticidal, antifeedant, and growth-disrupting properties, making neem an effective natural pesticide.
Nimbin and Nimbidin: These triterpenoids possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antipyretic properties. Nimbidin also has antifungal and antihyperglycemic effects.
Nimbinin and Nimbolide: These compounds have shown potent antimalarial, anticancer, and antioxidant effects.
Gedunin: This is another limonoid found in neem, known for its anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Salannin: It is a potent insect repellent, effective in keeping insects and pests away.
Quercetin: This flavonoid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities, contributing to neem's immune-boosting properties.
Polysaccharides: Neem also contains various polysaccharides with immune-modulating effects, enhancing the body’s defense mechanisms.
Tannins and Coumarins: These compounds contribute to neem’s astringent and antimicrobial properties, particularly in wound healing and skin care.
The active constituents in neem exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and insecticidal properties. These constituents make neem a versatile plant used in traditional medicine, agriculture, and personal care products.
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