Plant growth is influenced by both exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) factors. Here's a brief account of each:

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Exogenous Factors:

These are environmental conditions that affect plant growth from outside the plant.

  1. Light: Essential for photosynthesis, light intensity, duration, and quality (wavelength) directly influence plant growth and development.

  2. Temperature: Affects enzyme activities and metabolic processes. Optimal temperature ranges differ among plant species, influencing germination, growth rate, and flowering.

  3. Water: Crucial for nutrient transport, turgor pressure, and photosynthesis. Both water scarcity (drought) and excess (waterlogging) negatively affect plant growth.

  4. Nutrients: The availability of essential macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and micronutrients is key for various physiological processes like protein synthesis and energy transfer.

  5. Soil Conditions: Soil type, pH, and structure affect root growth, water retention, and nutrient availability.

  6. Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is vital for photosynthesis, while oxygen is needed for respiration. Their concentrations in the air can impact plant health.

Endogenous Factors:

These are internal processes within the plant that regulate growth and development.

  1. Hormones: Plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid control processes like cell division, elongation, flowering, fruit development, and stress responses.

  2. Genetic Makeup: The plant's genetic code determines its potential for growth, flowering time, resistance to diseases, and overall productivity.

  3. Metabolism: Enzyme activities and biochemical pathways in the plant cells support energy production, nutrient assimilation, and overall physiological health.

Both exogenous and endogenous factors work together to influence the plant's growth, productivity, and adaptation to its environment.